Khilafat Movement and Indian Politics

With the Mughal Empire in the Indian Subcontinent (East), Safavid Empire in the center and the Ottoman Empire in the west; the world witnessed the glory, power and prosperity of the Muslim rule in the 16th century.
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

In 830-850, Turkish mercenaries from Central Asia found in service of Abbasid caliphs. They were exposed to Persian Islamic culture. The term "sultan" (Arabic abstract noun meaning "sovereign authority") begins to be used to designate rulers. In 1055, Seljuk sultans become rulers in Abbasid Baghdad; two centuries of turmoil is ended and unity restored in eastern Islamic region. Turkish-speaking Muslims raid and settle in area now known as Turkey. 1092, death of Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah and his great vizier, Nizam al-Mulk comes into power. 1258, Mongols conquer Baghdad and bring Abbasid Caliphate to an end.

Later 13th c., Turkish Anatolia fragmented as Mongol control weakens and is withdrawn; many small principalities emerge, one of them led by Osm...