Military Institutions of the Mamluks and Mongols

In the beginning of the 13th Century, the Mongols were moving westwards, leaving behind them a horror trail of death and destruction. The Mamluks had already established themselves in Egypt and were able to establish their own empire. In 1258 the Mongol invaders put to death the last Abbasid caliph in Baghdad. Up until this time, both of these groups had their successes in battle but each of these groups had similarities as well as differences in their military institutions.
Mamluks or Mameluke, a warrior caste dominant in Egypt, were influential in the Middle East for over 700 years. Islamic rulers created this warrior caste by collecting non-Muslim slave boys and training them as cavalry soldiers that were loyal to their owner and each other. They converted to Islam in the course of their training.
The Mamluk army was based on mounted archers. The Mamluk troops were heavily armed with quality bows and arrows, swords, daggers, axes, spiked clubs, lances, shields,...