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Large scale applications of high transition temperature, Tc superconductor require critical current density (Jc) of at least 105 A/cm2 at liquid nitrogen temperature. Due to their low flux pinning energy, the critical current decreases rapidly with increasing temperature and applied magnetic field. Among the cuprate high Tc materials, the Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O is considered to be the most promising superconducting materials for application due their high Tc and Jc.
The bismuth based cuprate superconductor is made up of three phases. The general formula of Bi2Sr2Can-1CunO2n+4+ƒÔ with n = 1,2 and 3 have Tc values of 20, 95 and 110 K, respectively. Extensive research revealed that Jc in polycrystalline Bi-2212 is limited by the weak links and weak flux pinning [1].
Although partial melt processing can partially solve the weak link problem in Bi-2212, the limitation from flux pinning which determines the intrinsic critical current density remains the most serious challenge for the applic...