Affirmative Action

Beginning in 1969 the Office of Federal Contract Compliance applied affirmative action standards to one-third of the work-force (Horowitz & Carroll). The Supreme Court upheld preferential hiring in Griggs vs. Duke Power Co. (1971) by ruling that job applicants could not be subjected to aptitiude tests or arbitrary job qualifications if such policies sustained discriminatory patterns (Horowitz & Carroll).
Affirmative action is applied so that a certain proportion of minority workers are to be hired for ...